Moreover, the effects go in opposite directions for tonal and non-tonal parameters. Means values of automatic measurement can, across sentences, deviate by up to 20% from the values of the WAV reference condition. Results: Results show significant, codec-specific distortion effects on all 13 prosodic parameter measurements compared to the WAV reference condition. f0-related) and 7 non-tonal prosodic parameters (e.g., formants as well as acoustic-energy and spectral-slope estimates). The sentences were realized by professional actors (2m, 2f) with seven different emotions (neutral, fear, disgust, joy, boredom, anger, sadness) and acoustically analyzed in the original uncompressed (WAV) version and as well as in strongly compressed versions based on the four popular codecs AMR-WB, MP3, OPUS, and SPEEX. Method: A set of 108 sentences from the Berlin Database of Emotional Speech served as speech material in our study. The present study searches for the acoustic origins of these perceptual findings. As a result, the identification of emotions becomes blurred and can even be lost to the extent that opposing emotions like joy and anger or disgust and sadness are no longer differentiated on the recipients' side.
However, according to previous studies, it is precisely this prosody that is significantly distorted by modern compression codecs. In the phonetic code of speech, these social and emotional signals are considerably shaped by (or encoded in) prosody.
Such calls are not only- and perhaps less and less- about exchanging content, but about creating, maintaining, and expanding social and business networks. Introduction: Calls via video apps, mobile phones and similar digital channels are a rapidly growing form of speech communication. 2Mobile Dialog Systems, Institute for Information Technology and Communication, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.1Centre for Industrial Electronics, University of Southern Denmark, Sonderborg, Denmark.
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